Ïåðåïåëêà

Ïåðåï¸ëêà.org.ua

Î ôåðìå ~ Êóïèòü îáîðóäîâàíèå ~ Ðàçâåäåíèå ~ Èíêóáàòîðèé ~ Áèçíåñ ~ Ìàñòåðñêàÿ ~ Ïîèñê ïî ñàéòó

Ïîèñê ïî ñàéòó



Domestication changes in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)


Domestication changes in Japanese quail Coturnix japonicaThe ancestor of domesticated quail is the wild Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), which belongs to genus Coturnix, family Phasianidae, order Galliformes, class Aves (Chang et al. 2007). Quail have been reared from ancient times in East and South East Asia as fighting, song and decorative birds. The earliest available records of using quail as song birds comes from China, dating back to 770-476 BC (Chang et al. 2005). In Japan, quail were reared from 12th century for their song (Kovach 1974). Japanese quail eggs and meat were used as a food in Asia from the 17th century onward (Genchev 2014). At the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century, the true domestication of Japanese quail occurred, leading to serious changes in egg productivity (Howes 1964; Donchev and Angelov 1971; Mills et al. 1997). Later, in the second half of the 20th century, meat type quail were selected in North America and Western Europe, when the quail farming became industrial (Genchev 2014). Nowadays, quail can be found in almost any part of the world, where they are used as a productive, ornamental, fighting, singing or laboratory animals (Mills et al. 1997; Minvielle 2004; Pavlova et al. 2018; Lukanov et al. 2018a). In order to avoid confusion of names for the wild and domestic forms, Lukanov (2019) proposed the term ‘domestic quail’ and a corresponding Latin name C. j. domestica, as a clear differentiation from its wild ancestors (C. japonica).

Due to selective breeding, there are some major differences between their wild ancestors, mostly visible in morphological, behavioural and productivity traits in domes¬tic quail. These reflect greater intraspecific differences, even more so than those between species in the genus Coturnix.

The aim of this review was to emphasise the changes that occurred during the domestication of Japanese quail, supporting the proposal of using the term domestic quail (C. j. domestica).


Domestication-induced changes

Domestic quail have been widely used as productive, experimental or ornamental animals for more than a century, and much longer as singing or fighting birds. The multifunctionality of this small bird has transformed it in different directions, which moves it further away from its ancestor.


Morphological changes

Plumage colour, feather growth and structure. One of the first morphological changes in domesticated quail was associated with plumage colour. A number of mutations in plumage of domestic quail have been described. These affect the primary (background) or secondary (the feather pattern) colour. Among the commonest colours are variants of golden (Y), tuxedo (wb, cr, wp), extended brown (E) and recessive white (wh). Other plumage colours have been reported in this species, such as dominant black (Cheng and Kimura 1990), recessive black (Hiragaki et al. 2008), redhead (Truax and Siegel 1981), pancy (Tsudzuki and Wakasugi 1987), fawn-2 (Tsudzuki 1996) and lavender/blue (Cheng and Kimura 1990; Minvielle et al. 2002). Some plumage patterns are associated with lower liveability, such as black at hatch (Minezawa and Wakasugi 1977; Shiojiri et al. 1999; Niwa et al. 2003), buff (Sittmann et al. 1966), white (Wakasugi and Kondo 1973), marbled plumage (Yakovlev et al. 1975) and orange mutation (Ito and Tsudzuki 1994). Sex-linked colour mutations have the possible application in autosexing quail, including imperfect albino (Cheng and Kimura 1990), two brown varieties (roux and red (Minvielle et al. 1999, 2000)) and lavender plumage (Fulton et al. 1982; Gunnarsson et al. 2007; Lukanov and Genchev 2017; Lukanov et al. 2018b). Other colour mutations identified in Japanese quail have been described in detail by Cheng and Kimura (1990), Mizutani (2003) and Tsudzuki (2008).

A total of nine mutations affecting feather growth and structure are acknowledged in Japanese quail (Tsudzuki 2008). Six of them are determined by autosomal recessive genes for ruffle (rf), porcupine (pc), short barb (sb), downless (dl-1 and dl-2), curly (CU*C) and defective feathers (Df and mdf). Two mutations are due both to a recessive and dominant autosomal gene, which are defective feathers (Df, mdf) and fray (Fr, mod). Only one, the partial featherlessness (Pf), is due to an autosomal dominant factor. Other plumage mutations reported in domesticated Japanese quail are associated with the presence of an ear or throat tuft, as summarised by Cheng and Kimura (1990) and Tsudzuki (2008).

Live body weight and size. Considerable changes have occurred in live weight and body size. Average live weight of wild Japanese quail varies within 85-110 g (Wilson et al. 1971; Chang et al. 2009; McGowan and Kirwan, 2020). Normally, males are lighter than sexually mature females (Mills et al. 1997; Chang et al. 2005). This live weight difference is not reflected in body proportions, such as wingspan and body length (Johnsgard 1988). Domestic quail are bigger than wild Japanese quail (Mills et al. 1997), and have large variation in body weight in relation to the productive type. Thus, three productive types can be distinguished; light (egg-laying), heavy (meat-type) and dual-purpose. Quail reared for the production of hatching eggs are similar to the original Japanese type domestic quail, with a live weight slightly higher than wild breeds. According to Mizutani (2003), breeding quail in Japan weigh 100-130 g (males) and 120-160 g (females). Chang et al. (2009) reported average live weights of domestic quail in China to be 106.8 ± 26.6 g for males and 134.3 ± 14.3 g in females, which is about 45% more than in their ancestors. At the other extreme are quail for the production of meat, whereby body weight is more than 250% higher than that of wild breeds, being about or over 300 g (Minvielle 2004; Tavaniello 2014). Dual-purpose quail are predominantly raised by hobby breeders, and in Europe and Russia for egg production. Their live weight is about 200-250 g, which is representative of the Estonian breed (Lember and Laan 2013).

Other morphological changes. A study on phenotypic traits of wild and domestic Japanese quail showed differences in body shape, tarsus length, tarsus girth, wing length and body slant length (Wilson et al. 1971; Chang et al. 2001, 2009). The authors did not report any differences in plumage pattern or the size and shape of the beak.

Differences between wild and domesticated quail are found in digestive tract devel¬opment. Mihaylov and Dimitrov (2010) reported higher relative weight of the intestinal tract in domestic Japanese quail as compared to wild and hybrid forms. The duodenum of wild and hybrid quail was longer in comparison to domesticated breeds.


Behavioural changes

Investigation into behavioural traits of wild quail is difficult, due to the nature of their biology and habitat (Bannerman 1963; Krause 2003; Sanchez-Donoso et al. 2018). Whereas, domesticated breeds are a far more convenient subject for ethological studies (Farris 1964; Wilson and Bermant 1972; Schmid and Wechsler 1997; Galef et al., 2006; Labaque et al. 2008; Ball and Balthazart 2010; Santos et al. 2017).

Migratory behaviour. Domesticated Japanese quail do not exhibit migratory behaviour, unlike their wild ancestors and common quail. These changes due to domestication are marked and observed even in hybrids (Deregnaucourt 2000; Deregnaucourt et al. 2005a; Huisman 2006). Deregnaucourt et al. (2005b) observed migratory tendencies in two populations of domesticated Japanese quail, which was attributed to the introduction of European quail (Coturnix coturnix) genetics. During the 1970s, the introduction of ‘wild blood’ (i.e. genetics) in domestic quail used for hunting was a popular practice aimed at improving flying along with preserving the higher body weight and size of birds (Nadal 1992; Mills et al. 1997; Deregnaucourt et al. 2005b).

Sexual behaviour. Sexual behaviour in wild Japanese quail in their natural environment is relatively poorly studied, as experiments in an artificial environment usually fail (Nichols 1991). Quail are considered monogamous (Schwartz and Schwartz 1949; Stevens 1961; Kawahara 1967) or socially monogamous birds (Nichols 1991), but some authors consider them polygamous (Dementiev et al. 1952; Domjan and Hall 1986). A review by Kovach (1974) concluded that the mating of wild Japanese quail is in a transitional state between polygamy and monogamy. In the view of Mills et al. (1997) Coturnix japonica may show regional variation in mating patterns. In the field, the breeding period of quail is during the spring (Pappas 2002), when increased duration of daylight stimulates the growth of gonads and sex hormone concentrations (Sharp 1984). Other environmental factors promoting mating include the elevation of ambient temperature and access to food (Nichols 1991). These physiological changes are associated with the behaviour of wild quail, although, unlike them, domestic breeds do not exhibit a seasonal pattern in reproduction, due to controlled microclimatic parameters and photostimulation opportunities (Mills et al. 1997). Placed under natural conditions, the sexual function in domestic quail declines during the winter due to low ambient temperatures and short duration of daylight. Even though domestic quail are polygamous birds, the recommended sex ratio for rearing is 1:2 to 1:4, depending on the production type (Cheng et al. 2010; Genchev 2014), and monogamy has been reported (Orcutt and Orcutt 1976; Nichols 1991). Ottinger and Brinkley (1979) reported first mating attempts in domestic quail at 35 days of age and true copulation: after 37 days of age. In an earlier report, the peak in copulation occurred at 52 days of age (Ottinger and Brinkley 1978). Stefton and Siegel (1973) demonstrated that the highest sexual activity in male domestic quail was exhibited between 70 and 210 days of age. As productive age advances, the libido of males declines, but not the sexual activity of females at the same age (Woodward and Abplanalp 1967; Ottinger and Balthazart 1986). Domestic male quail and F1 crosses had a considerably higher libido that wild males (Nichols 1991; Chang et al. 2009). The peak sexual activity occurred in early afternoon in both domestic and F1 male quail, and before noon in wild breeds. Ottinger et al. (1982) observed peak sexual activity in the early afternoon and the lowest during the late afternoon, when plasma testosterone concentrations were lowest (Ottinger and Brinkley 1978). Comparably to these reports, Nichols (1991) reported higher levels of mating behaviour traits in domestic compared to wild quail.

Nesting and brooding behaviour. Wild quail exhibit nesting and brooding behaviour from April-May to August, e.g. the natural breeding period (Pappas 2002). Conversely, nesting and brooding instincts are absent in domestic quail, and only sporadic reports have documented nesting and brooding instincts (Stevens 1961; Orcutt and Orcutt 1976; Nichols 1991). Through hormonal treatment with progesterone, McCollam and Schein (1974, as quoted in Orcutt and Orcutt 1976) succeeded in provoking nesting and brooding in domestic Japanese quail. Hormonal treatment with prolactin, combined with oestradiol or testos¬terone, promoted brood patch development, but not brooding behaviour (Hohn 1981). Brody (1970, as quoted in Mills et al. 1997) did not succeed in encouraging nesting and brooding instincts in female quail treated with oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin and luteinising hormone, both independently or simultaneously. Hybrids of wild and domes¬tic quail exhibit nesting and brooding behaviour, but these are unstable compared to those of the wild form, therefore their nests were exposed to a greater risk of predator attacks (Capdevila et al. 2016). According to Nichols (1991) the parent-offspring rela¬tionship breakdown occurs earlier in domestic than in wild quail. The author demon¬strated that, in the field, domestic quail were significantly more quiet than wild birds, which were more timid and vigilant. There is evidence that fear responses in quail are genetically determined (Mills et al. 1997) and there have been reports for successful selection of that trait (Kiker et al. 1976; Bessei 1979).

Other behavioural changes. Other reactions in Japanese quail are influenced by domestication, including vocalisa¬tion, mating calls, aggression and fighting. Vocalisation differs between C. coturnix and C. japonica (Guyomarc’h and Guyomarc’h 1996; Collins and Goldsmith 1998; Deregnaucourt and Guyomarc’h 2003; Deregnaucourt et al. 2005b; Huisman 2006). According to Nichols (1991), the sounds made by domestic and wild male Japanese quail were different, while according to Chang et al. (2009) they were identical. Deregnaucourt et al. (2009) detected high inter-individual variations in sounds emitted by male domestic quail. Chang et al. (2009) found that, out of the breeding season, vocalisation in wild Japanese quail occurred mainly at the time of feeding. Specific sounds could be heard when birds were frightened, and during the breeding season, males emit frequently specific mating calls, which are different for paired and unpaired males. Vocal activity was about 30 times more intensive in domestic Japanese quail compared to wild breeds. This was in line with results reported by Nichols (1991).

A similar relationship was discovered with regard to aggression and fighting, with F1 crosses being closer to domestic quail behaviour (Chang et al. 2009). Nichols (1991) did not find any differences in aggression between wild and domestic quail, and observed higher activity in males of both types during the egg production cycle of females. Male wild quail exhibited higher aggression towards females than domestic breeds at the time of pair formation. Aggression was most commonly territorial and mate-guarding, and male birds were more active due to higher testosterone levels (Wingfield et al. 1990; Trainor et al. 2004). The aggression in quail could be pathological, and has been associated with cannibalism and pterygophagy episodes (Pizzolante et al. 2006; Cheng et al. 2010). This behaviour is multifactorial, due to genetic, environmental factors, erratic feeding and other stressors (Savory 1955; Haslam 2008).


Changes in production traits

Sexual maturity. Earlier sexual maturity is influenced by various extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Male wild Japanese quail attain sexual maturity at 52 days of age, and females at 63 days of age (an Age: The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database 2017). Wilson et al. (1971) confirmed that female wild Japanese quail enter the puberty at 59 days of age on average, but later they mention that this happens at 117 days. According to Hoffmann (1988) young wild quail could be considered as sexually mature at four weeks of age. Domestic Japanese quail, placed under optimum conditions and appropriate light regimens, attain sexual maturity at about four to five weeks of age, and females begin regularly laying eggs at about six weeks of age (Cheng et al. 2010). Mizutani (2003) gave an average age of sexual maturity onset of 38-42 days. From the available literature, there are various data concerning this trait in domestic quail, ranging from 36 to 65.5 days (Wilson et al. 1971; Sachdev and Ahuja 1986; Thomas and Ahuja 1988; Inal et al. 1996; Drbohlav and Metodiev 1996; Gunes and Cerit 2001; Camci et al. 2002; Ipek et al. 2003; Bahie El-deen et al. 2008; Chimezie et al. 2017a; Elkomy et al. 2019). This variation could be explained by the various genotypes of birds used and different feeding and rearing conditions.

Egg production. One of the main production traits, that is strongly influenced by domestication, is egg¬laying capacity. Wild Japanese quail lay about five to 14 eggs per clutch (Dementiev et al. 1952; Hoffmann 1988; Johnsgard 1988), with up to three broods per year. Domestic quail can lay more than 250 eggs per year (WIlson et al. 1961; Lucotte 1974; Mandal et al. 1994; Lotfi et al. 2012; Genchev 2014). This major difference has been attributed mostly to the effects of selection and, especially, the eradication of the brooding instinct, early onset of sexual maturity, lack of seasonal reproduction pattern and lower sensitivity to stress (Chang et al. 2009).

Egg quality traits. Another trait that has undergone major changes during domestication of Japanese quail, is egg weight and size. Wild Japanese quail lay eggs with weight of 7.6 g and size 29.8 x 21.5 mm (Johnsgard 1988), or, according to Chang et al. (2009), 6.93 ± 0.80 g and size of 27.8 x 21.6 mm. The eggs of wild Japanese quail are lighter than those of domestic breeds (Wilson et al. 1971; Chang et al. 2009). Egg size is proportional to its weight. Depending on the productive type, domestic quail lay eggs with average weight of 9-14 g, which are 20 to 100% heavier than from wild breeds. Egg-laying breeds produced smaller eggs weighing about 9-12 g (Mizutani 2003; Mori et al. 2005; Chang et al. 2009; Santos et al. 2011; Hrncar et al. 2014; Nunes et al. 2016; Chimezie et al. 2017b). The average egg weight in heavier meat-type lines and breeds ranges from 12 to 14 g (Mori et al. 2005; Santos et al. 2011; Genchev 2012; Hrncar et al. 2014; Genchev 2014; Lukanov et al. 2018a; Taha et al. 2018; Elkomy et al. 2019). The marked progress in selection for this trait is due to the importance of egg size for consumers and its moderate to high heritability (h2 = 0.37 ± 0.09 (Daikwo et al. 2013), 0.59 ± 0.23 (Momoh et al. 2014), 0.83 ± 0.01 (Sezer 2007)). According to Chang et al. (2009) eggs from domestic quail have a smoother surface and more oval shape, while those of wild quail have an awl-like shape and rough surface. The authors reported statistically significantly lower values of almost all egg indices in wild quail eggs compared to those from domestic breeds.

Some mutations affecting eggshell colour in Japanese quail are known. The normal colour of eggshell is whitish/white with a slight brown to bluish tint, spattered with numerous rusty brown, brown to dark brown spots of various size and shape. Three different mutations in domestic quail are acknowledged to influence eggshell colour, resulting in red, white and blue shells (Cheng and Kimura 1990; Tsudzuki 2008). Two of these are due to autosomal recessive genes: we (white eggshell) and ce (light blue eggshell, termed celadon). The third one is autosomally dominant R (red eggshell). The colour is due to changes in the deposition of protoporphyrin and biliverdin on the shell. Chang et al. (2009) reported better colour patterns for eggshells from domestic than in wild quail, the latter eggs had a dull whitish colour.

Reproductive traits. Other reproductive traits, such as fertilisation and hatchability differ. Wilson et al. (1971) reported lower fertilisation and hatchability in wild vs. domestic quail, reared under experimental conditions. Comparing fertilisation rates and the hatchability of set and fertile eggs in domestic and wild Japanese quail, Chang et al. (2009) found significantly better reproductive performance in domestic quail. The authors reported that the average fertility rate and hatching rate of fertilised eggs was 0.42 ± 0.10 (42%) and 0.53 ± 0.01 (53%) for wild and 0.87 ± 0.01 (87%) and 0.88 ± 0.08 (88%) for domestic quail, respectively. Although the results for fertility and hatchability of farmed quail eggs in the different studies vary widely, most of them are in line with those presented by Chang et al. (2009). With respect to studies on wild Japanese quail, some authors reported even lower values for these reproductive parameters (Xu et al. 2003). These poor reproduction traits in wild Japanese quail under experimental conditions could be attributed to the relatively small number of birds used, season¬ality and stress accompanying rearing in artificial environment (Xu et al. 2003). In contrast, Nichols (1991) demonstrated high fertilisation of eggs laid by wild Japanese quail, reared in big pens, at over 90%, with varied hatchability between different years, ranging from 63% to 95%. Crossing wild males with domestic female quails and vice versa has resulted in better fertilisation and hatchability for the former combina¬tion (Xu et al. 2001). In fact, the differences found between wild and domestic breeds are not due to actual changes in reproductive parameters but rather because of behavioural characteristics of the wild quail under experimental conditions.

Meat productivity and meat quality. The available literature reveals fragmentary information on meat quality and growth performance in wild Japanese quail. In contrast, there are many studies on domestic quail productivity. This is understandable, due to the fact that the second most important quail farming production is for meat, while bird hunting is more for sport than food. As mentioned above, domesticated quail have bigger body weight, and so can yield more meat than wild breeds.

Quail meat is richer in protein and leaner than most other livestock and poultry (Prabakaran 2003). Breast meat contains 22.23-23.38% protein, with less in leg meat at 20.49-20.91% (Genchev et al. 2008). These authors found higher fat content in leg meat than in breast (3.26-3.39% and 2.21-2.75%, respectively). The meat characteristics from male quail are slightly better expressed than from females (Walita et al. 2017). The yield of meat from quail from 28 days (Lukanov and Genchev 2018) to 35 days (Kaitazov and Genchev 2004) of age, when reaching 200-250 g live weight, is deemed profitable. The carcass yield for meat quail is between 65% (Genchev et al. 2008; Panda and Singh 1990) and 69.5% (Tavaniello et al. 2014), or 60-62% in skinless meat (Genchev et al. 2008, 2018). Wild quail meat is higher in protein, Fe and Zn levels in comparison to the farmed breeds (Khalifa et al. 2016).


Conclusions

Due to the genetic selection of domestic quail (C. j. domestica) there are major differences between them and their wild ancestors (C. japonica). These involve morphological, behavioural and productivity characteristics. The most significant differences are live body weight and size, which varies significantly within the domestic breeds due to production type (meat or eggs). Due to selection, a number of plumage colours, other than in the wild type, have been established and promoted due to ornamental and exhibition poultry breeding. Domestication has had a major impact on a number of behavioural reactions, with probably the most severely affected being nesting and brood¬ing, and the migration response. The use of domestic quail as a productive bird has had an impact on egg and meat production performance. A major increase has been observed in egg production and weight. The differences in fertility and hatchability between wild and domestic quail are mainly due to the more difficult adaptation to the standard experimental conditions for wild birds. In summary, the large phenotype diversity seen in domestic quail has been highly influenced by domestication.


Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.


Notes on contributors

Hristo Lukanov, PhD, DVM, is a lecturer at Department of “Animal Science - Monogastric and Other Animals”, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria where he has been working in Poultry Science since 2016, mainly on domestic chickens and domestic quail. His professional interests include Poultry meat and egg quality, Poultry genetic diversity, Poultry feeding, etc. He published more than 80 scientific papers and other publications, and 3 books, from the field of Poultry Science and ornamental Poultry. Since 2010 he is chairing the board of the Bulgarian Association of Poultry Breeders, and since 2013 is a vice-president of the UFSDABB (Union of Fanciers and Small Domestic Animal Breeders of Bulgaria).

Ivelina Pavlova, PhD, DVM, is an assistant professor at Department of “General Livestock Breeding”, Genetics unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. Her professional interests include pharmacogenetics, poultry genetic diversity, poultry production, etc.


References

An Age: The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database. 2017. “An Age Entry for Coturnix Japonica.” Accessed 06 January 2020. http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species= Coturnix_japonica.
Bahie El-deen, M., W. S. El Tahawy, Y. A. Attia, and M. A. Meky. 2008. “Inheritance of Age at Sexual Maturity and Its Relationships with Some Production Traits of Japanese Quail.” Egyptian Poultry Science Journal 28 (IV): 1217-1232.
Ball, G. F., and J. Balthazart. 2010. “Japanese Quail as a Model System for Studying the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproductive and Social Behaviors.” ILAR Journal, Author Manuscript 51 (4): 310-325.
Bannerman, D. A. 1963. Birds of the British Isles. Vol. 12. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
Bessei, W. 1979. “Genetische Atpekete Der Laufaktivitat Beim Huhn Und Der Japenischen Wachtel.” KTBL Schrift Actuelle Arbeiten Zur Tiergemaber Tierhaltung 240: 145-152.
Camci, O., C. Erensayin, and S. Aktan. 2002. “Relations between Age at Sexual Maturity and Some Production Characteristics in Quail.” Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 66 (6): 280-282.
Capdevila, J., M. Puigcerver, S. Lopez, E. Perez-Masdeu, E. Garda-Galea, and J. D. Rodriguez- Teijeiro. 2016. “The Role of Nest-site Selection and Cereal Production in Differential Nest Predation in Common Quail Coturnix Coturnix and Hybrid Quail C. Coturnix X C. Japonica.” Ibis 158: 784-795. doi:10.1111/ibi.12390.
Chang, B. G., H. Chang, X. P. Lui, W. Xu, H. Y. Wang, M. W. Zhao, and O. Olowofeso. 2005. “Developmental Research on the Origin and Phylogeny of Quail.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 61 (1): 105-112. doi:10.1079/WPS200346.
Chang, G. B., H. Chang, X. P. Liu, W. M. Zhao, D. J. Ji, Y. J. Mao, G. M. Song, and X. K. Shi. 2007. “Genetic Diversity of Wild Quail in China Ascertained with Microsatellite DNA Markers.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20 (12): 1783-1790. doi:10.5713/ajas.2007.1783.
Chang, G. B., H. Chang, and H. L. Zheng. 2001. “Study on Phylogenetic Relationship between Wild Japanese Quail in the Weishan Lake Area and Domestic Quail.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (5): 603-607. doi:10.5713/ajas.2001.603.
Chang, G. B., X. P. Liu, H. Chang, G. H. Chen, W. M. Zhao, D. J. Ji, R. Chen, Y. R. Qin, X. K. Shi, and G. S. Hu. 2009. “Behavior Differentiation between Wild Japanese Quail, Domestic Quail, and Their First Filial Generation.” Poultry Science 88 (6): 1137-1142. doi:10.3382/ps.2008- 00320.
Cheng, K. M., D. C. Bennet, and A. D. Mills. 2010. “The Japanese Quail.” In The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Animals. Eighthed., edited by R. Hubrecht and J. Kirkwood, 655-674. Chichester,West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley- Blackwell publishing.
Cheng, K. M., and M. Kimura. 1990. “Mutation and Major Variants in Japanese Quail.” In Poultry Breeding and Genetics, edited by R. D. Crawford, 333-362, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing.
Chimezie, V. O., T. R. Fayeye, K. L. Ayorinde, and A. Adebunmi. 2017b. “Phenotypic Correlations between Egg Weight and Some Egg Quality Traits in Three Varieties of Japanese Quail.” Agrosearch 17 (1): 44-53. doi:10.4314/agrosh.v17i1.4.
Chimezie, V. O., T. R. Fayeye., A. A. Toye, and K. L. Ayorinde. 2017a. “Relationship between Age and Body Weight at Sexual Maturity and Some Egg Production Traits in Three Varieties of Japanese Quail.” International Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences 3 (3): 26-33. doi:10.18819/ijavs.2017.1564.
Collins, S. A., and A. R. Goldsmith. 1998. “Individual and Species Differences in Quail Calls (Coturnix C. Japonica, C. C. Coturnix and a Hybrid).” Ethology 104 (12): 977-990. doi:10.1111/ j.1439-0310.1998.tb00047.x.
Daikwo, S. I., N. I. Dim, and O. M. Momoh. 2013. “Inheritance of Egg Quality Traits in the Japanese Quail.” International Journal of Poultry Science 12 (3): 153-156. doi:10.3923/ ijps.2013.153.156.
Dementiev, G. P., N. A. Gladkov, Y. A. Isakov, N. N. Kartashev, S. V. Kirikov, A. V. Mikheev, and E. S. Ptushenko. 1952. Birds in Soviet Union. Vol. 4. Moskva. (Ru): Sovetskaya Nauka.
Deregnaucourt, S. 2000. “Hybridation Entre La Caille Des Bles (Coturnix Coturnix Coturnix) Et La Caille Japonaise (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).” Mise en evidence des risques de pollution genetique des populations naturelles par les cailles domestiques. Ph. D. Thesis, France: University of Rennes.
Deregnaucourt, S., and J. C. Guyomarc’h. 2003. “Mating Call Discrimination in Female European (Coturnix C. Coturnix) and Japanese Quail (Coturnix C. Japonica).” Ethology 109: 107-119. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0310.2003.00854.x.
Deregnaucourt, S., J. C. Guyomarc’h, and M. Belhamra. 2005a. “Comparison of Migratory Tendency in European Quail Coturnix C. Coturnix, Domestic Japanese Quail Coturnix C. Japonica and Their Hybrids.” Ibis 147: 25-36. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2004.00313.x.
Deregnaucourt, S., J. C. Guyomarc’h, and S. Spano. 2005b. “Behavioural Evidence of Hybridization (Japanese X European) in Domestic Quail Released as Game Birds.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 94: 303-318. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.03.002.
Deregnaucourt, S., S. Saar, and M. Gahr. 2009. “Dynamics of Crowing Development in the Domestic Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).” Proceedings. Biological Sciences 276 (1665): 2153-2162.
Domjan, M., and S. Hall. 1986. “Determinants of Social Proximity in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica): Male Behaviour.” Journal of Comparative Psychology 100: 59-67. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.100.1.59.
Donchev, R., and I. Angelov. 1971. “Industrial Breeding of Japanese Quail at Our Place.” Zhivotnovadstvo 7: 49-51. (Bg).
Drbohlav, V., and S. Metodiev. 1996. “Possibility of Selection on Laying Intensity in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).” Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 2: 497-500.
Elkomy, H. E., A. E. Taha, H. A. Basha, M. I. Abo-Samaha, and M. M. Sharaf. 2019. “Growth and Reproduction Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) under Various Environments of Light Colors.” Slovenian Veterinary Research 56 (22): 119-127.
Farris, H. E. 1964. “Behavioural Development, Social Organization, and Conditioning of Courting Behaviour in the Japanese Quail, Coturnix Coturnix Japonica.” Ph. D. Thesis, Michigan State University, USA.
Fulton, J. E., C. W. Roberts, and K. M. Cheng. 1982. “Cinnamon: A Mutant of Japanese Quail.” Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 24 (2): 163-166. doi:10.1139/g82-015.
Galef Jr, B. G., S. J. Watkins, and P. Salehi. 2006. “Effects of Enclosure Size on Sexual Behaviour of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica).” Journal of Comparative Psychology 120 (4): 433-437. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.120.4.433.
Genchev, A. 2012. “Comparative Investigation of the Egg Production in Two Japanese Quail Breeds - Pharaoh and Manchurian Golden.” Trakia Journal of Sciences 10 (1): 48-56.
Genchev, A. 2014. “Production Characteristics of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) from Pharaoh and Manchurian Golden Breeds.” Dr. of Science Thesis, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. (Bg)
Genchev, A., H. Lukanov, and I. Penchev. 2018. “Slaughter Traits of Pharaoh Japanese Quail.” Agricultural Science and Technology 10 (1): 41-43. doi:10.15547/ast.2018.01.010.
Genchev, A., G. Mihaylova, S. Ribarski, A. Pavlov, and M. Kabakchiev. 2008. “Meat Quality and Composition in Japanese Quail.” Trakia Journal of Sciences 6 (4): 72-82.
Gunes, H., and H. Cerit. 2001. “Interrelationships between Age of Sexual Maturity, Body Weight and Egg Production in the Japanese Quail.” Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi Istanbul 27 (1): 191-198.
Gunnarsson, U., A. R. Hellstrom, M. Tixier-Boichard, F. Minvielle, B. Bed’hom, S. Ito, P. Jensen et al. 2007. “Mutations in SLC45A2 Cause Plumage Color Variation in Chicken and Japanese Quail.” Genetics 175 (2): 867-877. doi:10.1534/genetics.106.063107.
Guyomarc’h, J. C., and C. Guyomarc’h. 1996. “Vocal Communication in European Quail; Comparison with Japanese Quail.” Comptes Rendus De l’Academie Des Sciences Par. Life Science 319: 827-834.
Haslam, S. 2008. “Legislation and Poultry Welfare.” In Poultry Diseases, edited by M. Pattison, P. Mcmullin, J. M. Bradbury, and D. Alexander, 94-108. Philadelphia: Saunders Ltd: Elsevier Limited.
Hiragaki, T., M. Inoue-Murayama, M. Miwa, A. Fujiwara, M. Mizutani, F. Minvielle and S. Ito. 2008. “Recessive Black Is Allelic to the Yellow Plumage Locus in Japanese Quail and Associated with a Frameshift Deletion in the ASIP Gene.” Genetics 178 (2): 771-775. doi:10.1534/ genetics.107.077040.
Hoffmann, E. 1988. Coturnix Quail. Taipei,: Yi Hisien.
Hohn, E. O. 1981. “Failure to Induce Incubation Behaviour with Estradiol and Prolactin and Hormonal Induction of Brood Patches in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).” General and Comparative Endocrinology 44: 396-399. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(81)90018-6.
Howes, J. R. 1964. “Managing Coturnix Quail for Research Work.” Quail Quart 1: 31-40.
Hrncar, C., E. Hanusova, A. Hanus, and J. Bujko. 2014. “Effect of Genotype on Egg Quality Characteristics of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica).” Slovak Journal of Animal Science 47 (1): 6-11.
Huisman, J. 2006. Hibridization between European Quail (Coturnix Coturnix) and Released Japanese Quail (C. Japonica). Degree Project in Biology. Uppsala: Biology Education Centre and Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University.
Inal, S., S. Dere, K. Kirikci, and C. Tepeli. 1996. “Japon Bildirc Inlarinda (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Canli Agirliga Gore Yapilan Seleksiyonun Yumurta Verimi, Yumurta Agirligi, Fertilite, Kulu^ka Randimani Ve Ya§ama Gucune Etkileri.” Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 12 (2): 5-14.
Ipek, A., U. Sahan, and B. Yilmaz. 2003. “The Effect of Hatch Weight on Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Growth and Egg Production Traits.” Uludag Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi 17 (1): 23-32.
Ito, S., and M. Tsudzuki. 1994. “Orange: A Plumage Color Mutation Accompanied by Semi-lethality in Japanese Quail.” Journal of Heredity 85 (1): 54-56.
Johnsgard, P. 1988. The Quail, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Kaitazov, G., and A. Genchev. 2004. “Influence of the Fattening Period Duration in Japanese Quail on the Efficiency of Production.” Journal of Animal Science 5: 13-17.
Kawahara, T. 1967. “Wild Coturnix Quail in Japan.” Quail Quarterly 4: 62-63.
Khalifa, A. H., M. B. Omar, S. M. Hussein, and H. E. Abdel-Mbdy. 2016. “Nutritional Value of Farmed and Wild Quail Meats.” Assiut Journal of Agriculture Sciences 47 (6-1): 58-71.
Kiker, J. T., P. B. Siegel, and K. Hinkelman. 1976. “Genetic Analysis of Behaviors Related to the Solution of a Detour Learning Task.” Behaviour Genetics 6: 315-326. doi:10.1007/BF01065727.
Kovach, J. K. 1974. “The Behaviour of Japanese Quail: Review of Literature from a Bioethological Perspective.” Applied Animal Ethology 1 (1): 77-102. doi:10.1016/0304-3762(74)90010-8.
Krause, M. 2003. “Behavioral Mechanisms and the Neurobiology of Conditioned Sexual Responding.” International Review of Neurobiology 56: 1-29.
Labaque, M. C., J. M. Kembro, D. A. Guzmn, F. N. Nazar, and R. H. Marin. 2008. “Ontogeny of Copulatory Behaviour in Male Japanese Quail Classified by Their T-maze Performance as Hatchlings.” British Poultry Science 49: 409-417. doi:10.1080/00071660802262050.
Lember, A., and M. Laan. 2013. “Egg and Meat Performance of the Estonian Quail.” Fifth International Symposium and Fourth Brazilian Congress on Quail Production, Lavras, Brazil, pp. 21-32.
Lotfi, E., S. Zerehdaran, and M. Ahani Azari. 2012. “Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Egg Production Traits in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Cot. Japonica).” Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 76 (2): 131-135.
Lucotte, G. 1974. La Production de la Caille. Paris, France: Vigot Freres.
Lukanov, H. 2019. “Domestic Quail (Coturnix Japonica Domestica), Is There Such Farm Animal?” World’s Poultry Science Journal 75 (4): 547-558. doi:10.1017/S0043933919000631.
Lukanov, H., and A. Genchev. 2017. “Opportunities of Introducing Autosexing in Japan Quail (Coturnix Japonica) by Using Parental Male Line GL.” In: Preservation of the diversity of animals and hunting economy of Russia, VII International scientific conference, Moscow, pp. 364-367. (Ru)
Lukanov, H., and A. Genchev. 2018. “Fattening Performance and Slaughter Traits in Male Pharaoh Japanese Quail.” Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 24 (3): 476-479.
Lukanov, H., A. Genchev, and I. Dragolova. 2018b. “Phenotypic Characteristics of the GL Sire Line for Production of Autosexing Japanese Quail.” Trakia Journal of Sciences 1: 40-50. doi:10.15547/tjs.2018.01.008.
Lukanov, H., A. Genchev, and P. Kolev. 2018a. “Comparative Investigation of Egg Production in WG, GG and GL Japanese Quail Populations.” Trakia Journal of Sciences 16 (4): 334-343. doi:10.15547/tjs.2018.04.011.
Mandal, K. G., R. Sinea., and S. K. Mishra. 1994. “Estimates of Genetic Parameters for Some Egg Production Traits in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica).” Indian Journal of Animal Health 33: 49-54.
Mcgowan, P. J. K., and G. M. Kirwan. 2020. “Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica).” In Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, edited by J. Del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Accessed 16 February 2020. https://doi.org/ 10.2173/bow.japqua.01
Mihaylov, R., and R. Dimitrov. 2010. “Comparative Weight and Metric Traits of Intestines in Ducks, Quail and Broiler Chickens.” Bulgarian Journal of Animal Husbandry 47 (6): 31-38. (Bg).
Mills, A. D., L. L. Crawford, M. Dojan, and J. M. Faure. 1997. “The Behaviour of the Japanese or Domestic Quail Coturnix Japonica.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 21 (3): 261-281. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(96)00028-0.
Minezawa, M., and N. Wakasugi. 1977. “Studies on a Plumage Mutant (Black at Hatch) in the Japanese Quail.” Japanese Journal of Genetics 52 (3): 183-195. doi:10.1266/jjg.52.183.
Minvielle, F. 2004. “The Future of Japanese Quail for Research and Production.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 60: 500-507. doi:10.1079/WPS200433.
Minvielle, F., D. Gourichon, and J. L. Monvoisin. 2002. “Testing Homology of Loci for Two Plumage Colors, “Lavender” and “Recessive White”, with Chicken and Japanese Quail Hybrids.” Journal of Heredity 93: 73-76. doi:10.1093/jhered/93.1.73.
Minvielle, F., E. Hirigoyen, and M. Boulay. 1999. “Associated Effects of the Roux Plumage Color Mutation on Growth, Carcass Traits, Egg Production, and Reproduction of Japanese Quail.” Poultry Science 78: 1479-1484. doi:10.1093/ps/78.11.1479.
Minvielle, F., S. Ito, M. Inoue-Murayama, M. Mizutani, and N. Wakasugi. 2000. “Brief Communication. Genetic Analyses of Plumage Color Mutations on the Z Chromosome of Japanese Quail.” Journal of Heredity 91 (6): 499-501. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.6.499.
Mizutani, M. 2003. The Japanese Quail. Accessed 20 December 2019. http://www.angrin.tlri.gov. tw/apec2003/Chapter5JPQuail.pdf)
Momoh, O. M., D. Gambo, and N. I. Dim. 2014. “Genetic Parameters of Growth, Body, and Egg Traits in Japanese Quail (Cotournix Cotournix Japonica) Reared in Southern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria.” Journal of Applied Biosciences 79: 6947-6954. doi:10.4314/jab.v79i1.8.
Mori, C., E. A. Garcia, A. C. Pavan, A. Piccinin, M. R. Scherer, and C. C. Pizzolante. 2005. “Performance and Egg Quality of Four Quail Genetic Groups.” Revista Braziliera De Zootechnia 34 (3): 864-869.
Nadal, J. 1992. Problematicas De Las Poblaciones De Perdiz Roja, Bases Ecoetologicas Para Tener Exito Con Las Repoblaciones. Aedos, Barcelona: Fundacion la Caixa.
Nichols, C. R. 1991. “A Comparison of the Reproductive and Behavioural Differences in Feral and Domestic Japanese Quail.” Ph. D. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Canada.
Niwa, T., M. Shibusawa, Y. Matsuda, A. Terashima, A. Nakamura, and N. Shiojiri. 2003. “The Bh (Black at Hatch) Gene that Causes Abnormal Feather Pigmentation Maps to Chromosome 1 of the Japanese Quail.” Pigment Cell Research 16 (6): 656-661. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0749.2003.00096.x.
Nunes, K. C., R. G. Garcia, I. A. Naas, C. Eyng, F. R. Caldara, S. Sgavioli, B. C. Roriz, and C. M.
Ayala. 2016. “Effect of Led Lighting Colors for Laying Japanese Quail.” Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Special Issue Quail, 51-56. doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0176.
Orcutt, F. S., and A. B. Orcutt. 1976. “Nesting and Parental Behaviour in Domestic Common Quail.” The Auk 93: 135-141.
Ottinger, M. A., and J. Balthazart. 1986. “Altered Endocrine and Behavioural Responses with Reproductive Ageing in the Male Japanese Quail.” Hormones and Behavior 20: 83-94. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(86)90031-0.
Ottinger, M. A., and H. J. Brinkley. 1978. “Testosterone and Sex Related Behaviour and Morphology: Relationship during Maturation and in the Adult Japanese Quail.” Hormones and Behavior 11: 175-182. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(78)90046-6.
Ottinger, M. A., and H. J. Brinkley. 1979. “The Ontogeny of Crowing and Copulatory Behaviour in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).” Behavioural Processes 4: 43-51. doi:10.1016/ 0376-6357(79)90048-2.
Ottinger, M. A., W. M. Schleidt, and E. Russek. 1982. “Daily Patterns of Courtship and Mating Behaviour in the Male Japanese Quail.” Behavioural Processes 7: 223-233. doi:10.1016/0376- 6357(82)90037-7.
Panda, B., and R. P. Singh. 1990. “Development in Processing Quail Meat and Eggs.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 46: 219-234. doi:10.1079/WPS19900022.
Pappas, J. 2002 “Coturnix Japonica.” (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed 10 January 2019. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Coturnix_japonica/)
Pavlova, I., H. Lukanov, V. Ivanov, Y. Petrova, and A. Genchev. 2018. “Simultaneous Administration of Silymarin and Doxycycline in Japanese Quail Suggests Probable Herb-drug Interaction.” Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 24 (1): 126-131.
Pizzolante, C. C., E. A. Garcia, E. A. P. B. Saldanha, C. Lagana, L. Batista, A. Deodato, and A. L. P. Souza. 2006. “Beak-trimming Methods and Their Effect on the Performance of Japanese Quail Pullets (Coturnix Japonica).” Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 8 (4): 213-216. doi:10.1590/ S1516-635X2006000400002.
Prabakaran, R. 2003. Good Practices in Planning and Management of Integrated Commercial Poultry Production in South Asia. (Issue: 159, FAO).
Sachdev, A. K., and S. D. Ahuja. 1986. “Studies on the Influence of Body Weight at Sexual Maturity on Production Traits in Japanese Quail.” Indian Journal of Poultry Science 21: 66-68.
Sanchez-Donoso, I., C. Vila, M. Puigcerver, and J. D. Rodriguez-Teijeiro. 2018. “Mate Guarding and Male Body Condition Shape Male Fertilization Success and Female Mating System in the Common Quail.” Animal Behaviour 136: 107-117. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.12.012.
Santos, T. C., R. S. Gates, I. F. Tinoco, S. Zolnier, and F. C. Baeta. 2017. “Behavior of Japanese Quail in Different Air Velocities and Air Temperatures.” Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 52 (5): 344-354. doi:10.1590/s0100-204x2017000500008.
Santos, T. C., A. E. Murakami, J. C. Fanhani, and C. A. L. Oliveira. 2011. “Production and Reproduction of Egg- and Meat Type Quail Reared in Different Group Sizes.” Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 13: 9-14. doi:10.1590/S1516-635X2011000100002.
Savory, C. J. 1955. “Feather Pecking and Cannibalism.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 51 (2): 215-219. doi:10.1079/WPS19950016.
Schmid, I., and B. Wechsler. 1997. “Behaviour of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica) Kept in Semi-natural Aviaries.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55 (1-2): 103-112. doi:10.1016/ S0168-1591(97)00039-7.
Schwartz, C. W., and E. R. Schwartz. 1949. A Reconnaissance of the Game Birds in Hawaii. Hilo, Hawaii: Hawaii Broad of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.
Sezer, M. 2007. “Heritability of Exteriour Egg Quality Traits in Japanese Quail.” Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 1: 37-40.
Sharp, P. J. 1984. “Seasonality and Autonomous Reproductive Activity in Birds.” Italian Journal of Zoology 51 (3-4): 395-403.
Shiojiri, N., T. Niwa, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, and A. Nakamura. 1999. “Chemical Analysis of Melanin Pigments in Feather Germs of Japanese Quail Bh (Black at Hatch) Mutants.” Pigment Cell Research 12 (4): 259-265. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1999.tb00759.x.
Sittmann, K., W. O. Wilson, and L. Z. Mcfarland. 1966. “Buff and Albino Japanese Quail: Description, Inheritance, and Fitness Traits.” The Journal of Heredity 57: 119-124. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107487.
Stefton, A. E., and P. B. Siegel. 1973. “Mating Behaviour of Japanese Quail.” Poultry Science 52 (3): 1001-1007. doi:10.3382/ps.0521001.
Stevens, V. C. 1961. “Experimental Study of Nesting by Coturnix Quail.” Journal of Wildlife Management 25: 99-101. doi:10.2307/3797004.
Taha, A. E., A. S. EL-Tahawy, M. E. Abd El-hack, A. A. Swelum, and I. M. Saaseldin. 2018. “Impacts of Various Storage Periods on Egg Quality, Hatchability, Post-hatching Performance, and Economic Benefit Analysis of Two Breeds of Quail.” Poultry Science 98 (2): 777-784. doi:10.3382/ps/pey468.
Tavaniello, S. 2014. “Effect of Cross - Breed of Meat and Egg Line on Productive Performance and Meat Quality in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica) from Different Generations.” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Molise, Italy.
Tavaniello, S., G. Maiorano, M. Siwek, S. Knaga, A. Witkowski, D. Di Memmo, and M. Bednarczyk. 2014. “Growth Performance, Meat Quality Traits, and Genetic Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci in 3 Generations of Japanese Quail Populations (Coturnix Japonica).” Poultry Science 93: 2129-2140. doi:10.3382/ps.2014-03920.
Thomas, P. C., and S. D. Ahuja. 1988. “Improvement of Broiler Quail of Cari Trought Selective Breeding.” Poultry Guide 25 (10): 45-47.
Trainor, B. C., I. M. Bird, and C. A. Marler. 2004. “Opposing Hormonal Mechanisms of Aggression Revealed through Short-lived Testosterone Manipulations and Multiple Winning Experiences.” Hormones and Behavior 45: 115-121. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.09.006.
Truax, R. E., and P. B. Siegel. 1981. “An Autosomal Allelic Series for Plumage Colour in Japanese Quail.” Journal of Heredity 72: 61. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109430.
Tsudzuki, M. 1996. “Fawn-2: A Dominant Plumage Color Mutation in Japanese Quail.” Journal of Heredity 87 (3): 248-252. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a022996.
Tsudzuki, M. 2008. “Mutations of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica) and Recent Advances of Molecular Genetics for This Species.” The Journal of Poultry Science 45: 159-179. doi:10.2141/ jpsa.45.159.
Tsudzuki, M., and N. Wakasugi. 1987. “’Pancy’: A Plumage Colour Mutant in Japanese Quail.” Japan Poultry Science 24: 327-335.
Wakasugi, N., and K. Kondo. 1973. “Breeding Methods for Maintenance of Mutant Genes and Establishment of Strains in the Japanese Quail.” Experimental Animals 22 (Suppl.): 151-159.
Walita, K. Z., J. Tanganyika, and S. R. Mussah. 2017. “Effect of Sex, Type of Feed and Age at Slaughter on Carcass Yield Characteristics of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica) in Malawi.” International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology 2 (2): 50-53.
Wilson, M. I., and G. Bermant. 1972. “An Analysis of Social Interactions in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).” Animal Bechaviour 20: 252-258. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(72) 80044-7.
Wilson, W. O., U. K. Abbott, and H. Abplanalp. 1961. “Evaluation of Coturnix (Japanese Quail) as Pilot Animal for Poultry.” Poultry Science 40 (3): 651-657. doi:10.3382/ps.0400651.
Wilson, W. O., B. Anderson, and T. D. Siopes. 1971. “Importation of Wild Strain Japanese Quail (Wild Coturnix) Offers New Game Bird Possibility.” California Agriculture 7: 5-6.
Wingfield, J. C., R. E. Hegner, A. M. Dufty, Jr, and G. F. Ball. 1990. “The Challenge hypothesis— Theoretical Implications for Patterns of Testosterone Secretion, Mating Systems, and Breeding Strategies.” The American Naturalist 136: 829-846. doi:10.1086/285134.
Woodward, A. E., and H. Abplanalp. 1967. “The Effects of Mating Ratio and Age on Fertility and Hatchability in Japanese Quail.” Poultry Science 46: 383-388. doi:10.3382/ps.0460383.
Xu, W., H. Chang, H. Y. Wang, and G. B. Chang. 2001. “Sudy on the Feasibility of Crossing between Wild Japanese quail in the Weishan Lake Area and Domestic Quail.” China Poultry 23 (22): 64-65.
Xu, W., H. Chang, H. Y. Wang, G. B. Chang, L. Du, S. X. Lu, H. Q. Yi, Q. Xu, M. Xu, and Q. H. 2003. “Cross Fertility between the Wild Japanese Quail in the Weishan Lake Area and Domestic Quail.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16 (10): 1421-1423. doi:10.5713/ ajas.2003.1421.
Yakovlev, A. A., I. V. Kudryavtsev, and M. D. Pigareva. 1975. “Mutant Japanese Quail Coturnix Coturnix Japonica with Marble Plumage.” Genetika 11 (10): 15-23.
 


Ïåðåïåëèíûå ÿéöà




Ñòàòüÿ áûëà Âàì èíòåðåñíà? Ïîäïèøèòåñü íà ðàññûëêó “Ïåðåï¸ëêà.org.ua - íîâîñòè ïåðåïåëîâîäñòâà” è Âû âñåãäà áóäåòå â êóðñå èííîâàöèé â ìèðå ïåðåïåëîâ. Ïîäïèñàòüñÿ >>


îáîðóäîâàíèå äëÿ ðàçâåäåíèÿ ïåðåïåëîâ



Âû ìîæåòå âûñêàçàòü ñâî¸ ìíåíèå ïî äàííîìó ìàòåðèàëó èëè çàäàòü âîïðîñ. Àäìèíèñòðàòîð ñàéòà åæåäíåâíî ïðîñìàòðèâàåò êîììåíòàðèè è îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñû.


Äàííóþ ñòðàíèöó íèêòî íå êîììåíòèðîâàë. Âû ìîæåòå ñòàòü ïåðâûì.

Âàøå èìÿ:
Âàøà ïî÷òà:

Êîììåíòàðèé:




Ïðèãëàøàåì Âàñ íà Youtube-êàíàë «Íîâîñòè è õèòðîñòè ïåðåïåëîâîäñòâà», ãäå ìîæíî ïîñìîòðåòü âèäåî ïî ðàçëè÷íûì âîïðîñàì ñîäåðæàíèÿ ïåðåïåëîâ, ðåïîðòàæè ñ ïåðåïåëèíûõ ôåðì, èíòåðâüþ ñ ïåðåïåëîâîäàìè ñòðàí ÑÍÃ.

Ñëó÷àéíîå âèäåî ñ êàíàëà: